Essay on The Case for Euthanasia - 2338 Words

In order to provide a framework for my thesis statement on the morality of euthanasia, it is first necessary to define what euthanasia is and the different types of euthanasia. The term Euthanasia originates from the Greek term â€Å"eu†, meaning happy or good and â€Å"thanatos†, which means death, so the literal definition of the word Euthanasia can be translated to mean â€Å"good or happy death†. The different types of Euthanasia are active or passive euthanasia and voluntary or involuntary euthanasia. Passive Euthanasia generally refers to the ending of a persons life by removing the person from a life-sustaining machine, such as a respirator. This form of euthanasia is endorsed by the American Medical Association and is less controversial than†¦show more content†¦I believe that active euthanasia is in and of itself a moral act when practiced under a framework of strict guidelines and laws used to make the determination on whether euthanasia is warranted. I believe the decision process used to determine whether or not to perform euthanasia must be accomplished on a case by case basis depending on a number of factors such as the patients overall medical condition, prognosis for recovery, ability to live without the aid of life supporting machines and the patients desires. Active euthanasia is currently only legalized in Oregon and Washington in the United States and in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg in Europe. One of the ethical norms most often cited when discussing morality surrounding euthanasia is an individuals right to autonomy. â€Å"A person organizes his or her own private life so that the government, doctors and nurses cannot counteract what a euthanasia requester considers as the individual realization of his or her autonomous choice†( Quaghebeur, Dierckx de Casterlà © Gastmans, 2009). Arguments for and against euthanasia are made on the basis of autonomy. Quaghebeur et al., go on to state doctors must respect an individuals right to autonomy, even if they do not agree with or feel qualified to carry out the request for euthanasia (2009). On the other hand, critics of euthanasia based on autonomous norms make the point that euthanasia carries in part, too little respect for the lives ofShow MoreRelatedThe Case Against Euthanasia913 Words   |  4 Pages(Kirkey 2). Euthanasia is defined as assisting a terminally ill patient with dying early. In many countries the legalization of this practice is being debated in many countries. All doctors against assisted suicide, including the 44 percent in Canada, are on the right side of the argument. Euthanasia should not be legalized because it is unnatural, it violates the Hippocratic Oath, and laws are to extensive. Protecting life is the ethical view of society today, and legalizing euthanasia offsets thatRead MoreEssay on Utilitarianism and the Case for Euthanasia1353 Words   |  6 PagesUnitarianism and the Case for Euthanasia One of greatest moral issues facing society today is that of freedom. Freedom is a principle that this country was founded on at the start of its inception. Freedom is still a cause that requires our attention. The great debate on simple liberties such as the right to decide what happens to one’s body is still an issue that society has failed to resolve. It is a moral quandary that will continue to be discussed and a deliberated on as long as humankind areRead MoreEuthanasia: The Case of Susan Wolfs Father1150 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction For a quite a while, Euthanasia and assisted suicide have been a topic of debate. The concern stretches from the legal, moral, religious and emotional basis. The query at hand is what is the appropriate response to assisted suicide? As opposed to Wolfs hastened response of No. It is widely accepted that there are varied reasons for allowing Physician-assisted suicide. However, Euthanasia is not as widely permitted. Reason to this is that physician assisted suicide is not like toRead More Euthanasia: The Strange Case of Dr. Kevorkian Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia: The Strange Case of Dr. Kevorkian Physicians face an ethical dilemma when confronting their patients who are suffering. Many have to choose between abiding by the law or ignoring the law and acting on their own beliefs by assisting in a patient’s suicide. Dr. Jack Kevorkian is certainly one doctor who has taken the illegal route in assisting in many of his patients suicides. In â€Å"Killer Doc,† William F. Buckley provides a brief overview of the case and informs his audience ofRead MoreEssay about The Terri Schiavo Case and Euthanasia1505 Words   |  7 Pagesdamage was due to a lack of oxygen. For years, Terri had an ongoing battle with bulimia, which most likely resulted in the incident. Police reports showed no signs of foul play. In 1992, Michael Schiavo was awarded one million dollars in a malpractice case against one of Terri’s physicians. Michael later claimed that Terri’s parents, the Schindlers, demanded that he share the money with him. This caused a falling out between the two parties. The Schindlers filed a motion to remove Terri from Michael’sRead MoreThe Case Of Evan Motts Assisting His Wife s Euthanasia Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to discuss in this essay the case of Evan Motts assisting his wife s euthanasia. I will cover the ethical issues regarding this topic including whether or not Evan should be punished. I will look at the theories of Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism to justify whether or not Evan s actions were morally right. An Auckland man is facing a charge that carries a maximum penalty of 14 years after assisting his terminally ill wife to commit suicide. Evan Mott researched suicide methods andRead MoreEuthanasia Is An Action With A Medical Profession1525 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is an action with a medical profession’s help to finish a patient’s life with the patient’s requirement (D, np). In many people’s mind, euthanasia gives them a picture of patients struggling miserably at the edge of death (E, np). It is a controversial topic through centuries. A lot of people support it because they consider it is a useful treatment to those patients suffering from physically and mentally. Meanwhile, same amount of people try to find negative impacts of it to againstRead MoreEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia1515 Words   |  7 Pagesetymology of the word ‘euthanasia’ originates from the Greek language which has a literal meaning of â€Å"good death†. Other names for euthanasia are ‘assisted suicide’ and ‘mercy killing’. Euthanasia is done when the person is suffering from a terminal illness such as cancer, and then steps are taken to end the person’s life so that they no longer have to suffer. [Helga Kuhse. July 1992. Bioethics News. The World Federation of Right to Die Societies. http://www.worldrtd.net/euthanasia-fact-sheet. AccessedRead MoreThe Moral Permissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesPermissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia To date, in the united States of America, active euthanasia has been seen as unacceptable in legal terms. However, the issue is not so clear in moral terms among the public, and especially among the medical community. In fact, nearly half of the doctors in the United States say that they would prescribe active euthanasia under certain circumstances. The law that prohibits active euthanasia restricts many people fromRead MoreEuthanasia And The Current Legal Position Of Euthanasia1555 Words   |  7 Pagesterm â€Å"euthanasia† is derived from Greek, and means â€Å"Good death.† It is a broad term for mercy killing, which is a plea to euthanasia. It represents a serious socio-legal debate. People do not always die well. Some afflictions cause people to suffer extreme physical pain in their last days, and euthanasia may seem a compassionate way to end the pain. The case of Karen Ann Quinlan set a precedent for patient’s right to refuse unwanted medical treatment. However, the credit of bringing euthanasia to

Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History. Free Essays

Outline Introduction: Every year or al least once in their life, the Muslims must travel to Mecca. This is a holy pilgrim that has been a tradition for the Muslims since Muhammad made the trip. At the beginning the pilgrims to Mecca were made by small amounts of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History. or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, by the ninth century, thousands of people traveled to Mecca in the 9th lunar month. All these people survived on food and water provided by the government. The Muslim government made a great effort to keep the roads and the cities clean and ready for the travelers. The hajj was not only solemn observance, but it was also an occasion for joy and celebration. The word Islam means â€Å"Submission,† which means obedience to the rule of Allah. If somebody accepts the Islamic faith it means that he/she is a Muslim. Even though this belief started with one man, by the end of the eighth century Islam stood alongside the Byzantine Empire. A Prophet and his World: Islam appeared in the Arabian Peninsula, and this religion reflected the cultural conditions of it’s homeland. Living in Arabia has always been hard because of the bad agriculture and the harsh climates. However people have been able to survive for a long time and they built a strong empire that was based upon family and submission. Arabia figured out the trading opportunities and took advantage of them. Arabia became an important trading center for India china and the Mediterranean. Plus they started receiving commodities. With the awake of classical empires, trade routes became insecure. Merchants abandoned the overland routes and they started using sea routes that passed through the Arabian Peninsula. This greatly influenced the economy of the city of Mecca. Muhammad and His Message: The prophet Muhammad was son of nomadic Bedouin herders and merchants. He was born in 570 C. E. and he was son of an honorable merchant family. He had an education, and they cared for him. However, when he was young he worked for a wealthy widow that later became his wife. He got some power in the Mecca society, but he didn’t get a high position. By the age 30 Muhammad had established himself as a merchant and he lived a comfortable life. He lived and knew about many other different religions and he knew the cultures of other peoples. According to the stories Muhammad received some messages from the Angel Gabriel which told him to convert his family and the world and to give them the message of god. Muhammad presented oral lessons that he passed to his students and the people. However when he dies, his students compiled his teachings in a book called the Quran. Most important after the Quran itself are traditions known as hadith, which include sayings attributed to Muhammad. Muhammad’s Migration to Medina: He first began for converting his family and then the community. Muhammad became popular and that brought him problems with the ruling elites of Mecca. Muhammad insisted that Allah was the only god and that there shouldn’t be any other deities to which we pray. The elite also saw him a treat because he said that Allah was going to punish greed. Because of all the danger in Mecca, Muhammad had to fled. He fled and joined a group of his followers in Yathrib, a rival trading city. Muslims called their new city Medina which also means the city of the prophet. In Medina he organized his followers into a community and he provides it with laws and a social code. He looked after the economic welfare of his community; he did this by trading or by launching expedition. Muhammad started to call himself the final prophet because he was going to at last reveal the message of god to the people. He teach that the Christian god and all the other major gods were the same. All of them were Allah and he also accepted the Jewish and Christian prophets. The Establishment of Islam in Arabia: Even thought they succeeded in Medina, Muhammad and his followers planned on returning to Mecca. In 630 he and his followers attacked Mecca and they conquered the city. They forced the rich to take Allah as their main god and they imposed a government dedicated to Allah. They also destroyed the shrines of other deities and they built mosques. In 632 Muhammad made the first pilgrimage to the Ka’ba. The foundations of Islamic faith as elaborated by Muhammad consist of obligations known as the Five Pillars. Added to the Five Pillars the Islamic people must follow the holy law known as the sharia. Through the Sharia, Islam became more than a religious doctrine. It became a way of life that people must strictly follow. Expansion of Islam: After Muhammad’s dead the religion faced a period of instability because he left no predecessor. Some people that had barely been conquered, broke from Islam, took back their independence and they became free again. However, within a short time, the Islamic community built a strong army that expanded its power and conquered many lands that converted into Islamic. These conquests lead the foundation of the rapid growth of Islamic society. The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty: Since Muhammad said that he was the last prophet when he died, there could not be another prophet to lead the Islamic society. However, they decided to chose Abu Bakr as deputy. He was the closest of Muhammad’s friends and he was one of the most devoted disciples that he had. He was a religious leader, but he was also the Military commander. During the century after Muhammad’s dead they expanded beyond the boundaries of Arabia, carrying with them their religion and their authority. Durig this period of time they conquered Persia and Africa. Because of this rapid expansion, the government had problems with governing and administration. It was just too many people to control. Disagreements over the succession lead to the emergence of the Shia sect, which wanted Ali and his successors to caliphs. The Shia survived because they created different rituals and they appointed different holydays. The Shia Muslims also made changes in the Quran in order to support the party’s views. The Abbasid Dynasty: Rebellion in Persia brought the Umayyad dynasty to an end. The chief leader of the rebellion was Abu, he was a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle. Even though he was a Sunni Muslim, he allied himself with other Muslims in order to convert people from the Mediterranean. The Umayyad didn’t want to surrender to the Abu. One day Abu invited the rich, influential men to a banquet to make peace. However, during the banquet they were arrested and murdered. After they were killed Abu founded the Abbasid dynasty. This dynasty was more cosmopolitan than the previous dynasty. Instead of conquering new lands, the Abbasids largely contented themselves with administering the empire they inherited. The high point of the Abbasid dynasty came during the reign of Harun. This king provided with liberal support for artists and writer, and he distributed money and wealth to the poor people. After the death of the emperor, the Abbasid Empire declined. This was due to the conflicts of succession. At the end the Mongols extinguished the already weakened empire in 1258. Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World: As in other agricultural societies the farmers worked in the land while the merchants stayed at the city and feed themselves with the food that the farmers produced. The creation of empires had dramatic implications and results. For instance, the Abbasid Empire created a zone of trade, exchange of ideas, and a communicating route. New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth: As the soldiers, merchants, administrators and the population traveled to other parts of the world, they encounter different animals, plants and cultures. Then they brought those ideas and teach them to the people of their empire. The introduction of new crops to the west had many positive effects for the economy. New food crops led to a richer and more varied diet. They also increased quantities of food and some plants, such as cotton, were used to make a profit. Travel and communication in the dar al-Islam also encouraged experimentation with agricultural methods. The cultivators copied systems of irrigation and techniques that would help them produce more food. The increase of agricultural production contributed to the rapid growth of the empire. Paper manufacture appeared in the Islamic cities during the Abbasid era. Chinese people made paper since the first century B. C. however with the diffusion, the paper techniques spread to Islamic world around 751 B. C. The Formation of a Hemispheric trading Zone: From its earliest days Islamic society drew much of its prosperity from commerce. Muhammad was a merchant, and he held merchants in high stem. According to early accounts of his life Muhammad said that merchants would stand alongside martyrs to the faith on the Day of Judgment. By the time of the Abbasid Empire, trade networks linked all the regions of the Islamic world and joined it to a larger hemispheric economy. Arab and Persian mariner borrowed the compass from its Chinese inventors and used it to guide them on the high seas. From Southeast Asian and Indian mariners, they borrowed the lateen sail, a triangular sail that increased a ship’s mobility. They established multiple branches that honored letters of credit known as Sakk drawn on the parent bank. Trade benefited also from techniques of business organization. As a result of improved transportation, expanded banking services, and refined techniques of business organization, long-distance trade surged in the early Islamic world. They brought many things such as silk and spices form far away. The Changing Status of Women: There was a patriarchal society even before Muhammad’s time. However, Arab women enjoyed right that women in other parts could never dream of. For instance, they could legally inherit property, divorce husbands, and engage in business ventures. However, in some respects the Quran enhanced the security of women in Arabian society. It portrayed women equal to men in the eyes of Allah. However, the Quran and later the Sharia reinforced male dominance. They recognized descend trough the male line. Even though they teach that women should be treated with delicacy and respect, it allowed men to have up to four wives, whereas women could only have one husband. The veiling of women was not originally a tradition of the Muslims. This tradition came from the Byzantine and Sasanid Empires. At the beginning women had many rights stated in the Quran, however as time passed, the scholars modified the Quran and they took away the rights of women. Islamic Values and cultural Exchanges: The Quran has served as the cornerstone of the Islamic society. The Quran established a flexible and powerful medium of communication. Even today the Muslims believe that the Quran is the only reliable scripture, translations as not as powerful as the original one. Muslims missionaries spread Goad’s message, but they allowed the people to still practice their old religions or beliefs. The foundation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition: The Muslims scholars studied the Quran and stories about Muhammad in order to create moral guidelines appropriate for their society. Formal institutions helped promote Islamic values. Many mosques maintained schools that provided elementary education and religious instruction, and wealthy Muslims sometimes established schools and provided endowments for their support. By the tenth century institutions of higher education known as Madrasas appeared. Muslim rulers supported the Madrasas because they had interest in recruiting literate and learned students with an advanced education in Islamic theology and law for administrative position. Sufis also appeared. Sufis were especially effective as missionaries because they emphasized devotion to Allah above mastery of doctrine. Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece: As the Islamic community expanded, the people started interacting with people from other societies, especially with Persia, India, and Greece. Persian traditions quickly found a place in Islamic society, since the culturally rich land of Persia fell under Islamic rule. Persian Influence was as noticeable in literary works from the Abbasid dynasty. While Arabic served as the language of religion, theology, philosophy, and law, Persian was the principal language of literature, poetry, history, and political reflection. Chapter Summary (taken from AP textbook) The religion of Islam emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century  C. E. as a result of the vision and the teachings of Muhammad. His message attracted a rapidly expanding circle of devout believers, known as Muslims. After Muhammad’s death, Arab conquerors spread the word of Islam throughout a vast territory extending from the Indus River to the Iberian Peninsula within one century. This rapid expansion of Islam contributed to the development of a massive trade and communication network in which goods and ideas spread freely. The realm of Islam became one of the most prosperous and cosmopolitan societies of the postclassical world. This new society was characterized by, strong commitment to the monotheistic belief system, resting on the Five Pillars of Islam, first articulated by Muhammad and later elaborated on by scholars and mystics. Also, the development of overland and maritime trade and communication routes that facilitated the spread of new crops, trade goods, and ideas, from improved techniques in agriculture to the writings of the classical Greek philosophers. Engagement with and sometimes adoption of various cultural traditions encountered by the far-flung realm and its trade contacts, helped the country. Hence elements of Persian, Indian, Christian, and Greek cultures found their place into Islamic society and thought. Muslims believe that God is  one and incomparable  and the  purpose of existence  is to love and serve God. Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed at many times and places before, including through Abraham,  Moses  and  Jesus, whom they consider  prophets. They maintain that previous messages and revelations have been partially changed or corrupted  over time,  but consider the Qur’an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the  five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of  worship, and following  Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from  banking  and  welfare, to  warfare  and the  environment. The Pillars of Islam are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all believers. The  Quran  presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the  shahadah  (creed), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during  Ramadan  and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. The  Shia  and  Sunni  sects both agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts. How to cite Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History., Essay examples

Crusoe Processors free essay sample

SEMINAR REPORT (SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY) ON [pic] SESSION 2009-2010 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mrs. Nida Haseeb (Seminar Co-ordinator) [pic] SUBMITTED BY Vikas Kumar Mishra IV YEAR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLL No. : 0600115059 INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW Phone No. : 0522-2890812, 2890730, 3096117 Fax: 0522-2890809 Web: www. integraluniversity. ac. in CERTIFICATE This is to certify that VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA has completed necessary Seminar work prepared the bonafied report on CRUSOE -PROCESSOR in satisfactory manner as the partial fulfillment for the requirement of the degree of B. Tech (Information Technology) Of INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW under the guidance of his faculty within his time limit and his full effort to make his Seminar good. Mr. M. M. Tripathi Mr. Rizwan Beg (Seminar Co-ordinator) (HOD CSE/IT) Mrs. Nida Haseeb (Seminar Co-ordinator) Miss. Nikhat Akhtar (Seminar Co-ordinator) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Nida Haseeb (Department Of CSE/IT) for her valuable advice and guidance for the success of this seminar. I also thank Dr. Rizwan Beg, HOD, (CSE/IT Dept). and all other staff of the department for their kind co-operation extended to me. Also I am extending my gratitude to everyone who helped me in the successful presentation of this seminar. I am thankful to all my friends who helped me in completing my seminar a successful one. I am also thankful to all the people who were directly or indirectly involved me in helping to complete my seminar report. Vikas Kumar Mishra Roll No. :0600115059 B. Tech ( Final Year ) Information Technology INDEX |SNO. | TOPIC |PAGE NO. | | | | | |1. |Introduction | 5 | |2. |Architecture |16 | |3. |Hierarchy model |20 | |4. |Instruction set |23 | |5. Performance |24 | |6. |Crusoe v/s Pentium die size |25 | |7. |Code morphing software |26 | |8. |Drawbacks |27 | |9. |Conclusion |28 | |10. Refrences |29 | 1. INTRODUCTION [pic] Mobile computing has been the buzzword for quite a long time. Mobile computing devices like laptops, webslates notebook PCs are becoming common nowadays. The heart of every PC whether a desktop or mobile PC is the microprocessor. Several microprocessors are available in the market for desktop PCs from companies like Intel, AMD, Cyrix etc. The mobile computing market has never had a microprocessor specifically designed for it. The microprocessors used in mobile PCs are optimized versions of the desktop PC microprocessor. Mobile computing makes very different demands on processors than desktop computing, yet up until now, mobile x86 platforms have simply made do with the same old processors originally designed for desktops. Those processors consume lots of power, and they get very hot. When youre on the go, a power-hungry processor means you have to pay a price: run out of power before youve finished, run more slowly and lose application performance, or run through the airport with pounds of extra batteries. A hot processor also needs fans to cool it; making the resulting mobile computer bigger, clunkier and noisier. A newly designed microprocessor with low power consumption will still be rejected by the market if the performance is poor. So any attempt in this regard must have a proper performance-power balance to ensure commercial success. A newly designed microprocessor must be fully x86 compatible that is they should run x86 applications just like conventional x86 microprocessors since most of the presently available softwares have been designed to work on x86 platform. Crusoe is the new microprocessor which has been designed specially for the mobile computing market. It has been designed after considering the above mentioned constraints. This microprocessor was developed by a small Silicon Valley startup company called Transmeta Corp. after five years of secret toil at an expenditure of $100 million. The concept of Crusoe is well understood from the simple sketch of the processor architecture, called amoeba. In this concept, the x86-architecture is an ill-defined amoeba containing features like segmentation, ASCII arithmetic, variable-length instructions etc. The amoeba explained how a traditional microprocessor was, in their design, to be divided up into hardware and software. Thus Crusoe was conceptualized as a hybrid microprocessor that is it has a software part and a hardware part with the software layer surrounding the hardware unit. The role of software is to act as an emulator to translate x86 binaries into native code at run time. Crusoe is a 128-bit microprocessor fabricated using the CMOS process. The chips design is based on a technique called VLIW to ensure design simplicity and high performance. Besides this it also uses Transmetas two patented technologies, namely, Code Morphing Software and Longrun Power Management. It is a highly integrated processor available in different versions for different market segments. In electronics, Crusoe is a family of microprocessors from Transmeta. They use a VLIW hardware core, upon which runs a software abstraction layer, or virtual machine, known as the Code Morphing Software (CMS). The CMS translates machine code instructions received from programs running on the chip into native instructions for the core. In this way, the chips can emulate the instruction set of other computer architectures. Currently, this is used to allow the chips to emulate the Intel x86 instruction set. In theory, it is possible for the CMS to be modified to handle other instruction streams (i. e. to emulate other microprocessors). The addition of an abstraction layer between the x86 instruction stream and the hardware means that the hardware architecture can change without breaking compatibility, just by modifying the CMS. For example Efficeon, the second-generation Crusoe, has a 256-bit-wide VLIW core versus 128-bit in the first generation. Crusoe performs in software some of the functionality traditionally implemented in hardware (e. g. instruction re-ordering), resulting in simpler hardware with fewer transistors. The relative simplicity of the hardware means that Crusoe consumes less power (and therefore generates less heat) than other x86-compatible microprocessors running at the same frequency. The name is taken from the novel Robinson Crusoe. Transmeta (NASDAQ: TMTA) is a company that develops computing technologies with a focus on reducing power consumption in electronic devices. It was founded in 1995 by Bob Cmelik, Dave Ditzel [1], Colin Hunter, Ed Kelly, Doug Laird, Malcolm Wing, and Greg Zyner as a US-based corporation that designed very long instruction word code morphing (Microcoded) microprocessors. So far, it has produced two x86-compatible CPU architectures: Crusoe and Efficeon. These CPUs have appeared in ultra-portable laptops, blade servers, tablet PCs, a personal cluster computer, and a silent desktop, where low power consumption and heat dissipation are of primary importance. HistoryThroughout Transmetas first few years, little was known about exactly what it would be offering. Its web site went online in mid-1997, and for approximately two and a half years displayed nothing but the text This web page is not yet here. Information gradually came out of the company, suggesting of a very long instruction word-based (VLIW) design that translated x86 code into its own native code. As Intels then-forthcoming Merced processor was also a VLIW design which could translate x86 code, speculation arose suggesting that Transmetas product could have supercomputer-level processing power while actually being cheaper to manufacture than any offering by Intel, AMD or Cyrix. In fact, Transmeta marketed their microprocessor technology as extraordinarily innovative and revolutionary in the low-power market segment. They had hoped to be both power and performance leaders in the x86 space. But initial reviews of the Crusoe indicated the performance fell significantly short of projections. [2] Also, during Crusoe development Intel and AMD significantly ramped up speeds and began to address increasing concerns about power consumption. So Crusoe was rapidly cornered into a low-volume, small form factor (SFF), low-power segment of the market. In response, Transmeta quickly re-designed its technology, and produced the Efficeon processor. The Efficeon claimed to have twice the performance of the original Crusoe CPU at the same frequency. But the performance was still weak relative to the competition, and the complexity of the chip had increased significantly. This greater size and power consumption may have diluted a key market advantage Transmetas chips had previously enjoyed over the competition. Transmeta has employed a number of industry luminaries such as Linus Torvalds and Dave D. Taylor. Initially, its purpose was kept secret, but partially because it had such talent amongst its staff, the industry was constantly abuzz with rumors in addition to conspiracy theories resulting in excellent press relations (PR). Torvalds left Transmeta in June 2003 to dedicate himself to the further development of the Linux kernel. As an example of technology media hype, the company was once named as the Most important company in Silicon Valley in an Upside magazine editorial. Less well reported was that the company was never profitable while it was a chip vendor. In 2002, it had a loss of $114 million dollars, in 2003 a loss of $88 million, in 2004 a loss of $107 million. As of January 2005 the company announced a strategic restructuring away from being a chip product company to an intellectual property company. That is, instead of selling chips, it will sell technology for use by other chip makers. In February 2005, there was wild speculation that AMD might buy Transmeta. In March 2005 Transmeta announced that it was laying off 68 people, leaving 208 employees. About half of the remaining employees were to work on propagating the LongRun2 power optimization technology within Sony products. Sony was reported to be a key licensee of this Transmeta technology. TimelineFounded in 1995. Corporate launch on January 19, 2000. [3] On November 13, 2000, Transmeta announces their initial public offering at $21/share. Stock skyrocketed to $46/share making it the last of the great high tech IPOs of the bubble not surpassed by a high tech company again until Googles IPO in 2004. In July of 2002, Transmeta experience first set of layoffs equaling 40% of the company. [4] On May 31, 2005, Transmeta announced the signing of asset purchase and license agreements with Hong Kongs Culture. om Technology Limited led by Chu Bong-Foo, the inventor of the Cangjie method and one of the founding fathers of modern Chinese computing. However, due to delays in obtaining the necessary technology export licenses from the US Department of Commerce, the parties announced the termination of this agreement on February 9, 2006. On August 10 2005, Transmeta announced its first ever profitable quarter. On M arch 20 2006, GameSpot reported that Transmeta is working on an unnamed Microsoft project, probably the Origami. [1] On October 11 2006, Transmeta announced that it had filed a lawsuit against Intel Corporation for the infringement on ten of Transmetas US patents. The lawsuit, filed with the US District Court of Delaware, requested an injuction against Intels continuing sales of infringing products and also requested monetary compensation for damages. On February 7 2007, Transmeta closed its engineering services departments and terminated 75 employees. The company announced that it would no longer develop and sell hardware, but would focus on the development and licensing of intellectual property. [5] On July 6 2007, AMD invested $7. 5 million in Transmeta. AMD plans to use Transmetas patent portfolio related to energy-efficient technologies. [6] Origins as a stealth startup The company began as a stealth startup. Transmeta attempted to staff the company in secret, although speculation online was not uncommon [7]. One source of speculation was the companys bare-bones webpage. On November 12, 1999, a cryptic comment in the HTML appeared [8]: Yes, there is a secret message, and this is it: Transmetas policy has been to remain silent about its plans until it had something to demonstrate to the world. On January 19th, 2000, Transmeta is going to announce and demonstrate what Crusoe processors can do. Simultaneously, all of the details will go up on this Web site for everyone on the Internet to see. Crusoe will be cool hardware and software for mobile applications. Crusoe will be unconventional, which is why we wanted to let you know in advance to come look at the entire Web site in January, so that you can get the full story and have access to all of the real details as soon as they are available. The company was largely successful in hiding its ambitions until the official announcement. Over 2000 non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) were signed during the stealth period [9]. Lawsuit against Intel Corporation On October 11, 2006, Transmeta announced that they have filed a lawsuit against Intel Corporation for infringement of ten Transmeta U. S. patents covering computer architecture and power efficiency technologies. The complaint charges that Intel has infringed and is infringing Transmetas patents by making and selling a variety of microprocessor products including at least Intels Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium M, Core and Core 2 product line. TechnologyThe actual Transmeta processors are in-order very long instruction word (VLIW) cores. To execute x86 code, a pure software-based instruction translator dynamically compiles or emulates x86 code sequences, using execution-hotspot guided heuristics. While similar technologies existed (WABI for Sun, FX! 32 for Alpha and IA-32 EL for Itanium) in the 1990s, the Transmeta approach has set a much higher bar for compatibility—able to execute all x86 instructions from initial boot up to the latest multimedia instructions—while retaining most of its core performance. Transmeta claims several technical benefits to this approach: As the market leaders Intel and/or AMD would extend the core x86 instruction set, Transmeta could quickly upgrade their product with a software upgrade rather than requiring a respin of their hardware. Performance and power can be tuned in software to meet market needs It would be relatively simple to fix hardware design or manufacturing flaws in the hardware using software workarounds. More time could be spent concentrating on enhancing the capabilities of the core or reducing its power consumption without worrying about 16 years of backward compatibility to the x86 architecture. The processor could emulate multiple other architectures, possibly even at the same time. (At its initial Crusoe launch, Transmeta demonstrated pico-Java and x86 running intermixed on the native hardware. ) Prior to Crusoe release, rumors indicated Transmeta was relying on these benefits to develop a hybrid PowerPC and x86 processor. But Transmeta would initially concentrate solely on the extremely low-power x86 market. The ability to quickly update products without a hardware respin was demonstrated in 2002 with an in-the-field upgrade (a download) to enhance CPU performance of the Crusoe based HP Compaq TC1000 tablet PC. It was used again in 2004 when NX bit and SSE3 support were added to the Efficeon product line without requiring hardware changes. In the field upgrades were rare in practice due to system hardware vendors not wanting to incur additional customer support costs or spend additional money on QA for the potential upgrades or bug fixes to shipped products they had already closed the revenue books on. Viability Transmeta lost much credibility and endured significant criticism due to the poor initial Crusoe showing with large discrepancies between projections and actuals for both performance and power. Although power consumption was somewhat better than Intel and AMD offerings, the end user experience (i. e. battery life) only showed a marginal overall improvement. [2] First, the Code Morphing Software (CMS) combined with cache architecture artificially inflated comparisons between benchmarks and real-world applications. This is due to the repetitive nature of benchmarks and their small footprints. The CMS software overhead may have actually been a key cause of much lower performance for many real-world applications; the simple VLIW core architecture could not compete on computationally-intensive applications; and the southbridge interface was limited by its low bandwidth for graphics or other I/O-intensive applications. Some standard benchmarks even failed to run, questioning the claim of full x86 compatibility. [3] The Efficeon processor addressed many of Crusoes shortcomings and showed roughly a 2x real-world improvement over Crusoe. Its die was considerably smaller than Pentium 4 and Pentium M, when compared in the same process technology. Efficeons die fabricated in 90 nm is 68 mm? , which is 60% of the Pentium 4 in 90 nm, at 112 mm? , with both processors possessing a 1 MB L2 cache. The notion of selling a product into a specific thermal envelope was typically not understood by the mass of reviewers, who tended to compare Efficeon to the gamut of x86 microprocessors, regardless of power consumption or application. One such example of this criticism suggests the performance still significantly lagged Intels Pentium M (Banias) and AMDs Mobile Athlon XP. 4] For the 7 to 12 Watt thermal envelope in which Efficeon was designed to compete, there are unsubstantiated claims that its frequency far exceeded anything else in the market, at 1. 5 GHz and 7 W, while the Centrino at the time could only operate within the 7 W envelope when its frequency was reduced to 1. 1 GHz. This claim also admittedly considers only CPU fr equency and ignores other significant factors in overall performance, such as core cycles per instruction (CPI), or memory performance and bandwidth, which have varying impact on different benchmarks and system configurations. Unfortunately for Transmeta, other components within a laptop computer also consume power, such as the LCD display and hard disk drive. Since laptops with Transmeta CPUs share these components with regular laptops, the net increase in battery life was not large enough to make much difference to customers. TriviaOn the show 24, the fictional character Tony Almeida is listed as a former systems validation analyst at Transmeta. Very Long Instruction Word or VLIW refers to a CPU architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP). A processor that executes every instruction one after the other (i. . a non-pipelined scalar architecture) may use processor resources inefficiently, potentially leading to poor performance. The performance can be improved by executing different sub-steps of sequential instructions simultaneously (this is pipelining), or even executing multiple instructions entirely simultaneously as in superscalar architectures. Further improvement c an be achieved by executing instructions in an order different from the order they appear in the program; this is called out-of-order execution. These three techniques all come at a cost: increased hardware complexity. Before executing any operations in parallel, the processor must verify that the instructions do not have interdependencies. There are many types of interdependencies, but a simple example would be a program in which the first instructions result is used as an input for the second instruction. They clearly cannot execute at the same time, and the second instruction cant be executed before the first. Modern out-of-order processors use significant resources in order to take advantage of these techniques, since the scheduling of instructions must be determined dynamically as a program executes based on dependencies. The VLIW approach, on the other hand, executes operation in parallel based on a fixed schedule determined when programs are compiled. Since determining the order of execution of operations (including which operations can execute simultaneously) is handled by the compiler, the processor does not need the scheduling hardware that the three techniques described above require. As a result, VLIW CPUs offer significant computational power with less hardware complexity (but greater compiler complexity) than is associated with most superscalar CPUs. The Efficeon processor is Transmetas second-generation 256-bit VLIW design which employs a software engine to convert code written for x86 processors to the native instruction set of the chip (Code Morphing Software, aka CMS). Like its predecessor, the Transmeta Crusoe (a 128-bit VLIW architecture), Efficeon stresses computational efficiency, low power consumption, and a low thermal footprint. Efficeon most closely mirrors the feature set of Intel Pentium 4 processors, although, like AMD Opteron processors, it supports a fully integrated memory controller, a HyperTransport IO bus, and the NX bit, or no-execute x86 extension to PAE mode. NX bit support is available starting with CMS version 6. 0. 4. Efficeons computational performance relative to mobile CPUs like the Intel Pentium M is thought to be lower, although little appears to be published about the relative performance of these competing processors. Efficeon comes in two package types: a 783 and a 592 ball grid array. Its power consumption is moderate (with some consuming as little as 3 watts at 1 GHz and 7 watts at 1. 5 GHz), so it can be passively cooled. Two generations of this chip were produced. The first generation (TM8600) was manufactured using a TSMC 0. 13 micrometre process and productized at speeds up to 1. GHz. The second generation (TM8800 and TM8820) was manufactured using a Fujitsu 90 nm process and productized at speeds ranging from 1 GHz to 1. 7 GHz). Internally, the Efficeon has 2 arithmetic logic units, 2 load/store/add units, 2 execute units, 2 floating-point/MMX/SSE/SSE2 units, one branch prediction unit, one alias unit, and one control u nit. This VLIW Processor can execute a 256-VLIW word per cycle, which is called a molecule and therefore has room and capability to execute 8 32-bit commands (called atoms) per cycle. The Efficeon has 128 k instruction + 64 k data level 1 cache and a 1Mb level 2 cache on the chip. Additionally the Efficeon CMS (code morphing software) reserves a small portion of main memory (typically 32Mb) for its translation cache of dynamically translated x86 instructions. †¢ Compact 474-pin ceramic BGA package is fully pin-compatible with existing TM5400 and TM5600 models. The Transmeta Crusoe processor is an ultra-low power, high-speed microprocessor based on an advanced VLIW core architecture. When used in conjunction with Transmeta’s x86 Code Morphing software, the Crusoe processor provides x86-compatible software execution using dynamic binary code translation, without requiring code recompilation. In addition to the VLIW core, the processor incorporates separate 64K-byte instruction and data caches, a large 512K-byte L2 write-back cache, 64-bit DDR SDRAM memory controller, 64-bit SDR SDRAM memory controller, and 32-bit PCI controller. These additional functional units, which are typically part of the core system logic that surrounds the microprocessor, allow the Crusoe processor to provide a highly integrated and cost effective platform solution for the x86 mobile. market. The processor core operates from a 0. 9-1. V supply, resulting in extremely low power consumption, even at high operating frequencies. With power consumption during typical operation as low as 150 milliwatts. 2. ARCHITECTURE [pic] The Crusoe processor incorporates integer and floating point execution units, separate instruction and data caches, a level-2 write-back cache, memory management unit, and multimedia instructions. In addition to these traditional processor features, the device integrates a DDR SDRA M memory controller, SDR SDRAM memory controller, PCI bus controller and serial ROM interface controller. These additional units are usually part of the core system logic that surrounds the microprocessor. The VLIW processor, in combination with Code Morphing software and the additional system core logic units, allow the Crusoe processor to provide a highly integrated, ultra-low power, high performance platform solution for the x86 mobile market. The Crusoe processor block diagram is shown in Figure 1. FIGURE 1 Crusoe Processor Block Diagram Model TM5800 CPU Core Integer unit Floating point unit MMU L1 Instruction Cache L1 Data Cache 4K 8-way set associative 64K 16-way set associative Unified TLB 256 entries 4-way set associative DDR SDRAM Controller SDR SDRAM Controller PCI Controller Southbridge Interface DMA Multimedia Instructions 64 64 Serial ROM Interface L2 WB Cache 512K 4-way set associative Bus Interface Model TM5800 Product Brief Crusoe Processor 7/5/2001 3 of 8 2. 0 Processor Core The Crusoe processor core architecture is relatively simple by conventional standards. It is ba sed on a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) 128-bit instruction set. Within this VLIW architecture, the control logic of the processor is kept very simple and software is used to control the scheduling of instructions. This allows a simplified and very straightforward hardware implementation with an in-order 7-stage integer pipeline and a 10-stage floating point pipeline. By streamlining the processor hardware and reducing the control logic transistor count, the performance-to-power consumption ratio can be greatly improved over traditional x86 architectures. The Crusoe processor includes a 64K-byte 8-way set-associative Level 1 (L1) instruction cache, and a 64K-byte 16-way set associative L1 data cache. The TM5800 model also includes an integrated 512K-byte Level 2 (L2) write-back cache for improved effective memory bandwidth and enhanced performance. This cache architecture assures maximum internal memory bandwidth for performance intensive mobile applications, while maintaining the same low-power implementation that provides a superior performance-to-power consumption ratio relative to previous x86 implementations. Other than having execution hardware for logical, arithmetic, shift, and floating point instructions, as in conventional processors, the Crusoe processor has very distinctive features from traditional x86 designs. To ease the translation process from x86 to the core VLIW instruction set, the hardware generates the same condition codes as conventional x86 processors and operates on the same 80-bit floating point numbers. Also, the Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB) has the same protection bits and address mapping as x86 processors. The software component of this solution is used to emulate all other features of the x86 architecture. The software that converts x86 programs into the core VLIW instructions is called Code Morphing software. The combination of Code Morphing software and the VLIW core together act as an x86-compatible solution. 3. HIERARCHY MODEL [pic] . Crusoe Processor Software Hierarchy VLIW Processor Code Morphing Software x86 Operating System (Windows ME, Windows 2000, Linux, etc. ) x86 BIOS x86 Applications x86 Compatible Crusoe Processor Solution x86 Software pic] 4. INSTRUCTION SET [pic] 5. PERFORMANCE [pic] 6. Crusoe vs. Pentium Die Size Mobile PII Mobile PII Mobile PIII TM3120 TM5400 Process . 25m . 25m shrink . 18m . 22m . 18m On-chip L1 Cache 32KB 32KB 32KB 96KB 128KB On-chip L2 Cache 0 256KB 256KB 0 256KB Die Size 130mm2 180mm2 106mm2 77mm2 73mm2 [pic] 8. Some drawbacks: 1. Code optimization does not start until a block of code has been executed more the a few times. 2. Cod e translation requires clock cycles which could otherwise be used in performing application computation. . Conclusion 1. Transmeta has build an X-86 processor based on VLIW(very long instruction word) technology. 2. Code Morphing offers a new approach to the implementation of an instruction set architecture. 3. Crusoe offers the power of a high performance Intel processor consuming a fraction of power . 10. REFERENCES http://www. wikipedia. org/ http://www. google. co. in/ http://www. esnips. com/ http://www. scribd. com/ www. transmeta. com www. efficeon. org www. crusoeseries. in